Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in Rural Development of Timor-Leste: An Opportunity for Strategic Integration

Abstract

Timor-Leste’s rural development sectors face significant challenges, particularly those related to climate change. Many rural households depend heavily on agriculture and fisheries for their livelihoods, making them especially vulnerable to environmental disruptions. In response, stakeholders have begun promoting nature-based solutions (NbS) to enhance community resilience by delivering both social and economic benefits. NbS practices such as agroforestry, mangrove restoration, sustainable land management, and watershed protection offer practical approaches to improve livelihoods while strengthening ecosystems. For example, agroforestry can diversify income sources and improve soil health, while mangrove restoration protects coastal communities from storm surges and supports fisheries. From a rural tourism perspective, NbS can also include eco-tourism initiatives that promote conservation and generate income, such as community-led forest trails, birdwatching tours in protected areas, and restoration of cultural landscapes that attract visitors. These approaches foster environmental stewardship while supporting local economies. Despite their potential, NbS are not yet fully integrated into sector-specific strategies and plans. This gap limits institutionalization and reduces opportunities for collaboration among key actors. Achieving sustainable rural development in Timor-Leste requires the formulation and implementation of coherent strategies and action plans that address climate change and natural disasters. This paper explores the strategic opportunity to embed NbS into Timor-Leste’s sectoral policies and plans. Through a literature review, it offers recommendations for mainstreaming NbS and identifies development finance and climate funding mechanisms that Timor-Leste could leverage to support the adoption and implementation of NbS in rural development.